Field Museum, Argonne discover insect breathing mechanism

ARGONNE, Ill. (January 24, 2003) - A surprising new insect breathing mechanism similar to lung ventilation in vertebrates has been discovered by scientists at The Field Museum and the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory.

"The discovery of this fundamental aspect of respiratory biology for insects could revolutionize the field of insect physiology," says lead author Mark Westneat, associate curator of zoology at The Field Museum, located in Chicago.

Insects — the most numerous and diverse group of animals — don't have lungs. Instead, they have a system of internal tubes called tracheae that are known to exchange oxygen through slow, passive mechanisms, including diffusion. But this study demonstrates that beetles, crickets, ants, butterflies, cockroaches, dragonflies and other insects also use rapid cycles of tracheal compression and expansion in their head and thorax to breathe.

The results of the research, performed at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne, are published today in the journal Science.

Tracheal compression was not found for all types of insects studied, but for those where it was found compression patterns varied within individuals and between species. The three species most closely studied (the wood beetle, house cricket and carpenter ant) exchange up to 50 percent of the air in their main tracheal tubes approximately every second. This is similar to the air exchange of a person doing moderate exercise.

Up until now, it has not been possible to see movement inside living insects. This problem has been solved by using the Advanced Photon Source, which produces the most brilliant X-rays in the Western Hemisphere, to obtain videos of living, breathing insects.

"This is the first time anyone has applied this technology to study living insects," says co-author Wah-Keat Lee, a physicist at Argonne. Scientists using the Advanced Photon Source can now precisely analyze structures that once baffled researchers.

Using a phase-enhanced imaging technique, Lee placed a dead ant in the path of the X-ray beam and was amazed to see incredibly detailed images of the ant's internal organs. He searched the Internet for a biologist who might be interested, and he and Field Museum scientists have been working together ever since.

One aspect of the technique that makes the videos so revealing is edge enhancement, which highlights the edges of some internal organs. This effect is due to the special properties of the X-ray beams at the synchrotron facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source. "It's almost as if parts of the anatomy have been outlined in pencil, like a drawing in a coloring book," Lee explains.

This work opens up the possibility of developing a powerful new technique for studying how living animals function, he adds.

Indeed, Westneat, Lee, and their coauthors are already aiming the synchrotron at the jaws of insects to see how they chew. "Most of the 12 moving parts in an insect's jaw mechanism are internal, so our inability to see inside living, moving insects has prevented us from understanding how these parts work together."

Down the road, Westneat envisions using similar videos to study a wide variety of animal functions, biomechanics and movements. New discoveries about animal function can have broad implications. For example, active tracheal breathing in the head and thorax among insects may have played an important role in the evolution of terrestrial locomotion and flight in insects, and be a prerequisite for oxygen delivery to complex sensory systems and the brain, the authors say.

This would not only help scientists learn more about the animals studied but also provide insights on human health. For example, studying how larval fish move their backbones could shed light on how to treat spinal chord injuries in humans. Likewise, studying the walls of blood vessels in mice and the tiny hearts in beetles (each beetle has eight to ten hearts) could shed light on how to treat high blood pressure.

"Basic principles of mammal, fish or insect physiology and function could have important implications for health care," Westneat says. "We intend to develop this novel technique for a range of applications that will greatly improve our knowledge of how tiny animals live and function."

The Field Museum was founded to house the biological and anthropological collections assembled for the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Since its founding The Field Museum has been an international leader in research in evolutionary biology and paleontology, and archaeology and ethnography.

The nation’s first national laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory conducts basic and applied scientific research across a wide spectrum of disciplines, ranging from high-energy physics to climatology and biotechnology. Since 1990, Argonne has worked with more than 600 companies and numerous federal agencies and other organizations to help advance America's scientific leadership and prepare the nation for the future. Argonne is operated by the University of Chicago as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's national laboratory system.

For more information, please contact Steve McGregor (630/252-5580 or media@anl.gov) at Argonne.