Argonne at 50

Research helps safeguard nuclear workers worldwide

ARGONNE, Ill. (Aug. 3, 1996) -- A small facility at Argonne National Laboratory played a big role in safeguarding people around the world who work with radioactive materials at nuclear power plants, hospitals and laboratories.

Argonne's "Janus" reactor began its program of experiments in radiation biology and risk assessment 32 years ago Saturday, Aug. 3. The small facility was shut down in 1992 and emptied of nuclear fuel.

The main goal of research at Janus was to determine the effects of neutron radiation, both in short, high-intensity doses and long-term exposure.

Janus featured a pair of rooms for irradiation experiments on opposite sides of the reactor core. Thick doors allowed neutrons from the reactor core to enter the rooms -- hence the name Janus, the two-faced Roman god of doorways.

Thousands of mice were irradiated in Janus's "high-flux" room over the life of the reactor. Radiation biology data from research at Janus are still used world-wide for assessing risk to people exposed to radiation.

"Janus allowed us to grind out the kind of information you need to make sensible decisions about human health and safety," said Douglas Grahn, who headed radiation biology research at Janus for many years.

Some of the results were controversial, Grahn said. For example, Janus research found that low, protracted exposures to neutrons caused more damage than short, high-level doses. Similar research done elsewhere on the effects of gamma and X-rays found more tissue damage in short, high-level doses.

Despite the counter-intuitive nature of the results, the research stood because of Janus's "remarkably clean" neutrons -- the design of the high-flux room kept gamma-ray contamination to a minimum. Gamma rays, which would have complicated interpretation of the data, were reduced to negligible levels by special shielding arrangements -- including a four-inch-thick lead lining in the high-flux room.

"When we said something was neutron-induced, it was neutron-induced," Grahn said. "Janus was the cleanest source of neutrons available to anyone."

The last operating reactor at Argonne's Illinois site, Janus was shut down for the last time in April 1992.

The nation's first national laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory conducts basic and applied scientific research across a wide spectrum of disciplines, ranging from high-energy physics to climatology and biotechnology. Since 1990, Argonne has worked with more than 600 companies and numerous federal agencies and other organizations to help advance America's scientific leadership and prepare the nation for the future. Argonne is managed by UChicago Argonne, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science.

For more information, please contact Dave Jacqué (630/252-5582 or info@anl.gov) at Argonne.