Linda J Gaines

Biography

Linda Gaines is an Environmental Scientist/Systems Analyst in Argonne National Laboratory’s Energy Systems and Infrastructure Analysis division, where she examines energy use and the flow of materials and processes in the energy production cycle. She has written a series of handbooks assessing energy and material flows in petroleum refining, organic chemicals, and copper industries that provided background for studies of technical and institutional issues involved in recycling energy-intensive materials. Dr. Gaines has also examined the costs and impacts on energy use and the environment of production and recycling of advanced-design automobiles, trucks, trains, and batteries. More recently, her research has focused on analyzing process options for recycling of lithium-ion batteries.

Dr. Gaines received a B.A. in Chemistry and Physics from Radcliffe College; M.A. and M.Phil. in Physics from Columbia University; and Ph.D. in Physics from Columbia University.

Selected Publications

Tracking Flows of End-of-Life Battery Materials and Manufacturing Scrap, Linda Gaines, Jingyi Zhang, Xin He, Jessey Bouchard, and Hans Eric Melin, Batteries 2023, 9, 360 (Featured Papers) (July 2023); https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070360.
Direct Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center. Gaines, L., Q. Dai, J. Vaughey, and S. Gillard. Recycling. Special Issue “Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries and Other Next Generation Materials.” (2021). Recycling 2021, 6(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6020031.
“The Importance of Design in Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling – A Critical Review.” Thompson, D.; Hartley, J.; Lambert, S.; Shiref, M.; Harper, G.; Kendrick, E.; Anderson, P.; Ryder, K.; Gaines, L.; Abbott, A. Green Chemistry 2020, 22, 7585–7603.
Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries. C.Xu, Q. Dai, L. Gaines, M. Hu, A. Tukker, and B. Steubing. Comm. Materials (2020) 1:99, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-020-00095-x. “Profitable recycling of low-cobalt lithium-ion batteries will depend on new process developments .” One Earth 1, no. 4 December 20, 2019: 413-415. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.001.
“Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles,” G. Harper, R. Sommerville, E. Kendrick, L, Driscoll, P. Slater, R. Stolkin, A. Walton, P. Christensen, O. Heidrich, S. Lambert, A. Abbott, K. Ryder, L. Gaines & P. Anderson, Nature, (2019)
“Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes: Research towards a Sustainable Course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies (2018, in press).
“The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: charting a sustainable course,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies 1-2,2-7 (2014).